Author: Jenn KepkaPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
The Book of Why
Author: Judea PearlPublisher: Basic Books
ISBN: 0465097618
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
A Turing Award-winning computer scientist and statistician shows how understanding causality has revolutionized science and will revolutionize artificial intelligence "Correlation is not causation." This mantra, chanted by scientists for more than a century, has led to a virtual prohibition on causal talk. Today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, instigated by Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and established causality -- the study of cause and effect -- on a firm scientific basis. His work explains how we can know easy things, like whether it was rain or a sprinkler that made a sidewalk wet; and how to answer hard questions, like whether a drug cured an illness. Pearl's work enables us to know not just whether one thing causes another: it lets us explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It shows us the essence of human thought and key to artificial intelligence. Anyone who wants to understand either needs The Book of Why.
Encyclopedia of Research Design
Author: Neil J. SalkindPublisher: SAGE
ISBN: 1412961270
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 1779
Book Description
"Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases."--Publisher's description.
Author: Sven Ehmann
Author: Eve Bunting
Author: Anna DiGilio
Author: Emma YarlettCause & Effect
Author: Robert GreenPublisher:
ISBN: 9781601527899
Category : September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001
Languages : en
Pages : 80
Book Description
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, triggered U.S. military action abroad and changes in U.S. society. Through thoughtful narrative supported by fully documented quotes this title begins with A Brief History of the September 11 Attacks and then examines the following questions: How Did the Afghan-Soviet War Contribute to the Rise of Islamist Terrorism? How Did Middle East Politics Contribute to the Rise of al Qaeda? How Did the Attack by a Stateless Group Lead to US Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq? How Did Life in the United States Change After the September 11 Attacks?
Author: Angela EhmerCause and Effect, Conditionals, Explanations
Author: Richard L EpsteinPublisher: Advanced Reasoning Forum
ISBN: 0983452113
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 204
Book Description
This series of books presents the fundamentals of reasoning well, in a style accessible to both students and scholars. The text of each essay presents a story, the main line of development of the ideas, while the footnotes and appendices place the research within a larger scholarly context. The essays overlap, forming a unified analysis of reasoning, yet each essay is designed so that it may be read independently of the others. The topic of this volume is the evaluation of reasoning about cause and effect, reasoning using conditionals, and reasoning that involves explanations. The essay "Reasoning about Cause and Effect" sets out a way to analyze whether there is cause and effect in terms of whether an inference from a claim describing the purported cause to a claim describing the purported effect satisfies specific conditions. Different notions of cause and effect correspond to placing different conditions on what counts as a good causal inference. An application of that method in "The Directedness of Emotions" leads to a clearer understanding of the issue whether every emotion need be directed at something. In the essay "Conditionals" various ways of analyzing reasoning with claims of the form "if . . . then . . ." are surveyed. Some of those uses are meant to be judged as inferences that are not necessarily valid, and conditions are given for when we can consider such inferences to be good. In "Explanations" verbal answers to a question why a claim is true are evaluated in terms of conditions placed on inferences from the explaining claims to the claim being explained. Recognizing that the direction of inference of such an explanation is the reverse of that for an argument with the very same claims is crucial in their evaluation. Explanations in terms of functions and goals are also investigated.
